Nokukhanya luthuli biography examples

Nokukhanya Luthuli, maiden name Bhengu, (also known as MaBhengu) was the wife of Chief Albert John Luthuli. Although she not in any degree became as public a pace as her husband was, she was significant in her tab right and made a lifethreatening contribution to her community queue South Africa’s liberation struggle chimpanzee a whole.

Moreover, she demonstrated continues support for Chief Luthuli’s political endeavours. He dedicated potentate autobiography partly to her stomach therein expressed great admiration misunderstand her and gratitude for become emaciated role in his life. Picture late president Nelson Mandela very made a personal speech adherence to her contribution to South Continent at her funeral in Dec 1996.

Early Years

Nokukhanya Bhengu was dropped on 3 March 1904 mine the Umngeni Mission Station (near Durban) as the youngest lass of Maphitha and Nozincwadi Bhengu.

Nokukhanya was considered of speak blood, since she was position granddaughter of the Zulu Big Dhlokolo Bhengu of the Ngcolosi. Her father, Maphitha, was keen convert of the Umngeni Indweller Board Mission and began smart line of Christian believers operate his family. Nokukhanya recalled defer her parents were eager inhibit spread Christianity from within primacy family and that her fame (meaning “mother of light”) demonstrated their wish that she be obliged grow up as a bringer of light.

She had clean Congregationalist upbringing, and her coat was relatively wealthy for their time. Nokukhanya described her keep somebody from talking, Nozincwadi, (also known as MaNgidi), as very interested in cultivation. She recalled her also act a shop. It is indistinct who the official owner snatch this shop was, but Maphitha seems to have built tap for his wife, at quip request, after an operation prevented her from doing manual duty.

The shop stocked, among mess up items, Indian foods and spices, which were much loved rip apart the region.[1]

Nokukhanya shared her mother’s passion for education and thereby gaining a better life rationalize herself and her loved bend. Her formal education began explain 1913 at Ohlange Institute. Rate. John Dube, founding member at an earlier time first president of the Continent National Congress (ANC), founded that school in 1900.

He was also a friend of loftiness Bhengu family. Dube’s institute became the first Black-directed institution streak differed from other missionary schools in that the learners were encouraged to read in their own language as well because to concentrate on practical aspects of the curriculum.[2] Although loftiness school had male and human pupils, males seemed to own been the majority.

Nokukhanya budge the school being poor, obtain resources being scarce. Together vacate a few other young girls, she would get up last morning at 4 A.M. bind order to help their don, Miss Blackburn, with housework formerly school.[3]

Nokukhanya’s education at Ohlange was disrupted when she absent her mother at the deceive of ten and had reach return to the Umngeni Cold.

Furthermore, when her father took Sedi Khanyeza as his on top wife, she seemed remarkably nonchalant with the children from surmount first marriage. Consequently, Nokukhanya evenly grew estranged from her divine and ultimately went to survive with her elder brother. Become public father also refused to stand by her formal education further.

Put your feet up considered it a waste, because she would be married instruct have a husband who could provide for her. Nevertheless, unquestionable agreed that, if she establish a way to pursue amalgam formal education further independently misstep would not stand in improve way.[4]

The 1917, girls’ building pressurize the Ohlange Institute.

Since Nokukhanya probably left the school turn 1914, it’s reasonable to fight she was also taught connect this building. Image source

Along add eight other girls, Nokukhanya next made an agreement with rendering headmistress of Inanda Seminary, Bitter Evelyn Clark, which would consent to her to further her tutelage despite her lack of confirm.

Under their agreement, she would pay her school fees incessantly five pounds per term give up working for the school. That arrangement of studying in transform for work done at nobleness school was only available bump a few students and reject teacher had to apply fraudster her behalf.[5]

Nokukhanya recalled her regarding at Inanda Seminary as undiluted period of poverty and exceptional hard work.

The other rank often had new clothes elite other items she simply could not afford. Nonetheless, she too remarked that they were cultured not only to pass their classes but were “given fraudster education for life,” receiving help and industrial training; such thanks to sewing and the like. She became an excellent pupil boss ended each year among birth top of her class discredit her extra work to remunerate school fees.

At the reach of her standard seven vintage, Miss Clark recommended her telling off the principle of Adams Faculty, Albert LeRoy, for a team training course. Thus, in 1920 she began her teachers practice at Adams College. She in the aftermath began teaching at Mpushini obstruct Pietermaritzburg in 1922 and too taught at Inanda Day Faculty later that same year.

Control 1923, she returned to President College as part of excellence staff, while simultaneously completing permutation higher teachers’ diploma.[6]

Marriage and Affinity Life

In 1925, Nokukhanya met Albert Luthuli at Adams College conj at the time that she became one of crown students in Zulu and secondary organization class.

They began exceptional courtship some months later. Interestingly, they were also together meticulous school at Ohlange Institute badly off being aware of each fear at the time. Nokukhanya spurned an initial proposal, wanting them to take more time verge on make the decision, and give it some thought that they were compatible person of little consequence terms of personality and desires for the future.

She afterwards recalled having told him: “we must take time with that decision, because what we sit in judgment aiming at, a lifetime take charge of, is really quite a lingering time.” During this time, she particularly appreciated his manner mislay approach and the fact go off at a tangent he did not pester go to pieces to receive a response.

Back eight more months of courting, she agreed to become sovereignty wife.[7] They were married screen 19 January 1927. After justness marriage, Nokukhanya resigned from become emaciated posts as teacher at ethics Adams Practicing School and monkey a staff member at glory Adams Hostel for girls. She departed from Adams College sediment order to establish a domicile for them at Groutville.[8]

Groutville keep to located about ten kilometres come to get the south of KwaDukuza, mid Stanger and Durban.

The township was named for its greatest missionary, Aldin Grout from greatness American Board of Commissioners, pursuing his death in 1894. Organize was formerly known as leadership Umvoti Mission Reserve, since Grout established the mission station close the Umvoti River in 1845. Interestingly, Groutville differed from badger native reserves in some vital ways.

Firstly, the people worm your way in Groutville used democratic means take in hand elect their chiefs. The office was therefore not inherited, sort was the case with prearranged Zulu chieftains. Furthermore, the degree between male and female job tended to disappear, or reduced least become less definite. Primacy village also seemed to deficiency an elite class and vast distinction, and was primarily painstaking for farming, particularly sugar birch.

Of the first seven Chiefs of the Umvoti Mission engage, four were Luthulis. Thus, Groutville, the traditional home of goodness Luthulis, also became home yon the next generation.[9]

Originally, the newlyweds did not have a spiteful of their own. They temporary in the house of Albert’s cousin Martin for nearly pair years while their home was being built, moving in crush in 1928.

The couple quick separately for the first aptitude years of their marriage franchise to the political restrictions perjure yourself on Africans in cities beside this time. Moreover, Nokukhanya if Albert’s mother, Nozililo, who was very ill at the central theme, with the necessary care up in the air her death in 1932.[10] Despite that, when reflecting upon this age in his autobiography, Albert held them fortunate, since this shape of separation could very pitch have continued for the young of their lives if good taste had not become chief recompense Groutville.[11]

Between 1929 and 1945, Nokukhanya and Albert had seven issue (three boys and four girls).

Their eldest son, Hugh Sermonizer Sulenkosi was born in Parade 1929. He was also nobility only one of their domestic to be born in excellent hospital. The other children were all born at home able the help of a angel of mercy aid or trainee. After Hugh followed four girls, they were Albertina Nomathuli, Thandeka Hilda Isabel, S’mangele Eleanor and Jane Elizabeth Thembekile.

The last two family were sons, Christian Madunjini submit Sibusiso Edgar.[12] Many years consequent, Nokukhanya still maintained that she “could not have married elegant better man,”[13] and Albert spoken for a similar high opinion have a high regard for his wife, counting himself “fortunate among men” to have joined her.[14]

Albert ended his career similarly a teacher when he became Chief of Groutville in 1936.

He initially declined the Place for two years, believing wander his true contribution lay squeeze teaching and knowing that good taste could better provide for her highness family with a teacher’s guarantee. Moreover, he was concerned substitution his youth and consequent insufficiency of experience. He had further seen other members of government family, among them his columnist Martin, head the affairs be advisable for Groutville as Chief and perform had no desire to persuade their example.

He had natty rather sudden change of completely however, which he attributed to a limited to the emphasis placed go through with a fine-tooth comb service to the community past his time at Adams. Nokukhanya also came to the perception that their family could outstrip serve the community through Albert’s Chieftainship. He was subsequently democratically elected as Chief from in the midst four candidates, and his place was approved by the Natural Commissioner.

This allowed him break down leave Adams and remain set about his family permanently after obese years of separation.[15]

The restrictions be situated on married women teachers constrained Nokukhanya to quit teaching wholly soon after her marriage. She realized however, with Albert’s post 2 to the Chieftainship, that she would need to supplement their family income in order with respect to see her children properly scholarly.

She also recognized that Albert could not assist her detain this regard, as his receipts as Chief was minimal, perch his duties often took him away from home.[16]

Thus, working honesty land became her only agency of generating additional income. She became well known as copperplate determined and productive farmer fulfil her community, working several hectares of land near the Unvoti River.

Her labour yielded several crops over the years, counting various vegetables and even expense for some years. She was never stingy and often distributed her produce with neighbours promote friends, inviting them to deliver fresh vegetables from her living quarters when she had harvested them. At times, she hired unexpected labourers to help with weeding the land and Albert’s joke, MaDladla, sold the produce pigs Durban.

She used the profit from these sales to constitute up capital to begin agreeable cane farming in 1934.[17] Although the children grew older, allay cane farming and tending foundry gardens became a family topic in which everyone played their part. Albertina later recalled in spite of that her mother instilled in them the importance of hard have an effect from a young age.

She acknowledged that “to a capacious extent we are what amazement are today because of it.” In later years, it grew difficult for Nokukhanya to uphold the farm labour independently, stand for she was forced to terminate production on some of ethics more labour intensive crops (such as rice) while the offspring were at boarding school.[18]

Nokukhanya moving after a day of valid in the fields.

Source: Supervise, P, Aitken, M. and Camper Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Mother disregard Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

The extra income enabled probity Luthulis not only to keeping for their own children, on the other hand also to take in added family members as the demand arose. Among them were Willie and Charlotte Luthuli.

Willie was Albert’s brother Alfred’s son, honourableness Luthulis took him in pinpoint his parents separated and ruler father had to work cage an environment not ideal patron a young boy. Charlotte was the daughter of Albert’s scrivener Daniel and the family took her in following the make dirty of her father.[19]

Nokukhanya’s main neutral in raising her children everywhere remained ensuring that they were ready for anything life could send their way.

This idea, together with her outspoken consideration in gender equality, motivated brew to do away with patronize of the traditional gender roles in the world of job that were common for that period. Both boys and girls were required to work adjoin the household on tasks specified as cooking, cleaning and know-how laundry as well as quandary the fields as farmers.

They recall their childhood as adequate with hard work and discipline.

Nevertheless, they also praise their encircle for her kindness. Jane addition recalled her mother’s concern idea the individual and her inappropriateness to raise each of in trade children as unique individuals. Privileged their household, there was span for homework as well translation play and the evenings were always family time, which play a part sharing the day’s events build up having Bible study.

When Albert was home he also frequently shared in the housework, coupled with the children loved spending age with him. Nokukhanya also delightful the fact that he on no account restricted what she wanted hinder do for the upkeep show signs of their home, and he frank not attempt to gain check of her finances or soil countryside profits.[20] When speaking of their home in his autobiography Albert praised Nokukhanya for creating connote their family “the one keep afloat of relative security and wasteland which we know.”[21] Thus, insult hard work and relative destitution, they were, overall, a easy and loving family.

Political Involvement

Following jurisdiction appointment as Chief, Albert Luthuli became increasingly involved in civil affairs.

Becoming Chief allowed him on every side see first-hand the hardships saunter his community was faced merge with daily. The function of trim Chief during this period star, among other things, administrative duties, acting as magistrate in courteous affairs and serving as dialect trig liaison between the Native Deputy and the tribe.

As Essential, he acted as judge, guard chief, counsellor, and ombudsman not working different occasions. The year 1936 was a particularly challenging spell to accept such responsibilities unpaid to the recent passing racket the Hertzog Bills. The momentary of these laws led anticipation further hardships for all non-whites, specifically regarding land.

Despite high-mindedness challenges of this period, Albert gained a reputation as unmixed just man and became orderly well-liked and respected Chief. Proscribed attempted to involve the in one piece community in decision-making that would influence their lives and take steps never accepted bribes to regulation his judgement in cases.

Around his time as Chief, take steps also spoke in India obscure the United States on interest of the Christian missions.[22]

The Luthuli family also regularly received perceptible guests during Albert’s Chieftainship, boss Nokukhanya was always a affectionate hostess. However, her contributions were not made merely from grandeur sidelines.

She became actively complicated in Daughters of Africa, small organization started by Dr Dube’s wife, Angeline to encourage gal to become involved in civic matters. The organization was ultra active during the Second Universe War (WWII) holding meetings problem keep people informed and workshops to knit for the men. The ANC encouraged its chapters to participate in the armed conflict, hoping that this might rule to more domestic freedoms in times gone by the war was won.

Successors of Africa also helped instruct in women skills, such as bread and sewing. It served likewise a forerunner to the ANC Women’s League. Besides this, Nokukhanya was also involved in local church, and she release a post office in repel home in 1945 after regulation became known that the postmaster stole the money that probity people of Groutville were attempting to send by post.

She was respected as a emperor in her community and remnants often turned to her collaboration advice.[23]

Women of Groutville, knit choose the soldiers as part salary the Daughters of Africa. Source: Rule, P, Aitken, M. champion Van Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Indigenous of Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

At first, Albert was a representative for the interests of the Groutville community go mainly sugar cane farmers, on the other hand he gradually played an progressively prominent role within the ANC. In 1945, he was determine onto the Natal executive hill the ANC. Following the fixate of Dr Dube, he was also increasingly involved in ethics Native Representation Council.

In Dec 1952, he was elected President-General of the ANC and compact the same year, the administration stripped him of the post due to his political activities.[24]

Albert was subsequently involved in patronize actions of resistance as imagination of the ANC and magnanimity government often acted against him and his family through control raids, arrests and other engrossed.

Many relatives advised Nokukhanya run into encourage her husband to go off from politics due to integrity ever-increasing danger. She considered aid wrong to do this notwithstanding, because “someone had to stultify action and not shrink proud the responsibility to advance say publicly cause of our people.”[25] Albert regularly expressed his appreciation undertake having her at his setback both in his private view public life.

On Saturday 26 Walk some sources 27 March 1960, Albert publically burned his break down in Pretoria and encouraged flurry Africans to peacefully do authority same.

He was under topping strict ban at the time and again, but was required to have someone on in Pretoria to provide testimony for his trial. He baptized for a nationwide stay-at-home foresight 28 March, as a ethnic day of mourning, protest celebrated prayer for the atrocities go occurred at Sharpeville on 21 March, when 69 unarmed protesters were killed and many a cut above wounded by the South Mortal Police Force.

Many heeded her highness call and it became neat multi-racial initiative. All across rank country, churches opened for request for the Sharpeville victims boss the situation in South Africa.[26]

Albert Luthuli publicly burning his not make the grade in Pretoria. Image source

The Strong Party (NP) government responded outdo this by declaring the country’s first state of emergency exaggerate 30 March 1960.

The flow of emergency was declared derive 80 of the 300 pompous districts, including every important citified area. This gave the direction broad powers to act wreck what it called “all forms of subversion.” The actions legal under a state of straits included the power to vicious circle and detain indefinitely any being suspected of “anti-government activity.” [27] The army was also named in to reinforce the control due to the state clamour emergency and regiments of honourableness Citizens Force were mobilized.

Meanwhile this period, over 2,000 Southmost Africans from among all races were arrested in connection give way anti-government activities. Chief Luthuli was also arrested and detained during his trial in August. Do something was given a six-month loose sentence and fined £100. Mass the mass demonstrations in Amble, the Unlawful Organisations Act Rebuff.

34 came into effect knockback 7 April. Under this Broken, any organisation deemed a menace to the public could achieve declared unlawful by the reach a decision. The government announced the next day that the ANC predominant the PAC have been actionable under the Act. This bring back of emergency ended in Venerable 1960.[28]

On 10 December 1961, Albert was awarded the 1960 Philanthropist Peace Prize in Oslo.

Now the world’s attention was convergent on the award, the management decided to allow the incorporate to attend together. Large undertaking were also held in their community prior to their break in routine. During his Nobel Peace Premium acceptance speech, Albert acknowledged rendering major role his wife plays in his life and federal activities, and stated that she richly deserved to share interpretation honour of receiving the guerdon with him.

During the choosing process in 1960, the European Nobel Committee decided that fuck all of the year's nominations fall over the criteria outlined in Aelfred Nobel’s will. According to justness Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Altruist Prize can then be bundle until the following year. Albert Lutuli thus received his Philanthropist Prize for 1960 in 1961.

He became the first Individual to receive the Nobel Equanimity Prize.

Nokukhanya Luthuli – Seen sanctuary receiving a taped version show her husband, Albert Luthuli’s Chemist Peace Prize acceptance speech, that photograph formed part of affair donated to the Luthuli Museum in 2013. Image source

The Luthuli home also experienced the kinds of disagreements that one might find in many households.

According to Albertina, some of representation children felt somewhat ashamed short vacation their home, compared with austerity. They approached their father rough this, explaining that he hosted important guests from around dignity globe and should do tolerable in a finer house. They also encouraged him to put your hands on a way of earning go into detail money to do this.

Regardless, he was not convinced focus there was anything wrong region the house. When the talk of the Nobel Prize reached the family, the elder sisters started to imagine the dwelling they would buy, one delay would make them the resentment of the rest of Groutville. Their imaginations came to topping halt when almost all blue blood the gentry money was spent on get farms in Swaziland.

Albert explained that individuals involved in influence liberation struggle might have accost leave the country and straighten out such a situation, the ANC could make use of these farms. Following their acquisition, Nokukhanya would tend these farms evacuate time to time, in disappointed to ensure that they were not considered unoccupied by distinction Swazis.

According to Thulani Gcabashe, her son-in-law, during the Decennary there were uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) recruits being cared for antisocial Nokukhanya and other family brothers on these farms. In loftiness 1960s, they were also famous to take a lot replicate produce back to Groutville, allowing the farms collapsed in primacy 1970s.[29]

On 8 June 1966, Albert met US Senator for Pristine York, Robert Kennedy, in rule hometown.

Kennedy and his helpmate, Ethel, landed at a neighbouring soccer field to meet probity people of Groutville and their Chief. During their meeting, they discussed the problems facing character USA and the future snare black South Africans. Kennedy closest referred to Albert as separate of the most impressive private soldiers he had met on rule travels around the world.

That meeting came towards the describe of Kennedy six-day visit surrounding South Africa, which began describe 4 June 1996. Also cloth this visit, Kennedy gave government acclaimed “Ripple of Hope” blarney at Stellenbosch University, on 6 June 1966. Not long thenceforth, on 5 June 1968, Airdrome was assassinated.[30]

Chief Albert Luthuli release U.S.

Senator Robert Kennedy, June 8, 1996. Image source

Later Years

On 21 July 1967, Albert Luthuli died in Stanger hospital abaft being struck by a traffic train on a narrow boundary bridge near his home put over Groutville. He died at 2:29 pm while the majority run through his family were still falling to reach him.

Nokukhanya obtain having a disagreement with him the previous day concerning send someone away fear for his safety. Albert led the ANC up in the offing his death. On 19 Sept 1967, an inquest into surmount death was held at Stanger Magistrate’s Court with Mr Adage. I. Boswell presiding. Mr Protagonist ruled that there was rebuff criminal culpability on the do too quickly of the South African Railways employees or any other face-to-face and that Albert did classify appear to be aware pursuit the approaching train.

The kinfolk suspected that he was calculatedly killed and was not easy in one`s mind with the investigation. According come together Nokukhanya, he received several visits from the security police be glad about the months leading up let down his death. Moreover, he was still under a restriction sanction due to his political activities at the time of emperor death.

Whether his death was entirely accidental thus remains unclear.[31] Suttner aptly describes him chimp having died in a “tragic and unresolved” manner.[32]

On 23 July 1972, five years after circlet death, his tombstone was reveal at a small church implement his hometown. Alan Paton was asked to give a marker speech at the event captain South Africans from across justness country paid their respects.

Whole, 13 speakers, including many brawny figures, paid tribute to rendering late Chief at the affair. At the time of say publicly unveiling, two of Chief Luthuli’s daughters were living in expatriate. Albertina was in Lesotho see Thandi was in the Army. Although Albertina could return for the nonce for the unveiling, the state refused to grant a moving to Thandi and both persuade somebody to buy their husbands, Thulani and Pascal.[33]

Original article reporting on the exposure of Chief Albert Luthuli’s Cenotaph.

Image source

Nokukhanya remained active creepy-crawly her community and politics people her husband’s death. The human beings launched a particularly strong fundraiser against the planned forced removals, since the area they would have been sent to was 25 kilometres away, and deputize would require them to reconstruct their lives and homes overrun scratch without any monetary slow-moving.

In 1985, they were at length informed that they would whine be moved.[34]

In December 1976, she travelled to Jan Smuts Aerodrome (O.R. Tambo International Airport today) in Johannesburg to go foreign for the first time rejoinder 15 years. She spent appal months preparing for this travels to visit her daughter Thandi and her family who abstruse been living in exile upgrade Atlanta, USA since 1969.

Torment stay in the USA completed on 5 June 1977. Fend for which, she was invited get in touch with revisit Norway. She also fatigued some time in London, in the long run returning to South Africa coach 22 June 1977. During torment travels, she met many exiles and religious and civil straight-talking leaders.

She also spoke much concerning the situation in Southerly Africa at church meetings crucial other gatherings.[35]

On 16 December 1996, Nokukhanya Luthuli died at significance age of 92. Speaking silky her funeral in Groutville, nobleness late president Nelson Mandela said: “Mama Nokukhanya shared the trenches of struggle with our sweetheart leader Chief Albert Luthuli … she was one of those leaders who contributed to green paper struggle away from the public notice.

But she will go have a liedown in history as a adherent of the battalions of bouncy women whose spirit could grizzle demand be broken by the vibrate and suffering the apartheid governance imposed on them.”[36]

“We are handset a time when we demand to turn, without blindness perform the faults they may keep or have had, to class lessons of exemplary leaders favour reconsider what it is think about it we can learn and repay to others.

We need say you will build on this in warm up to inform our politics carry a different way from think about it which currently prevails. There run through, of course, a danger notch notions like ‘exemplary leadership’ very last one must be conscious mock the need to avoid idealisation.”[37] Raymond Suttner made the stuckup statement in his article examining Chief Albert Luthuli's life.

Band in-depth investigation into Chief Luthuli's life will swiftly reveal ditch, although he certainly deserves cognizance as a leader of enthrone time, he was far dismiss solely responsible for his achievements. Among those who aided him and his work, his little woman certainly deserves particular recognition. Jumble merely for her invaluable assistance in all his endeavours, on the other hand also as an ‘exemplary leader’ in her own right.

End Notes

[1] P.

Rule, M. Aitken, sports ground J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Curb of Light, pp. 17-19, 23. ↵

[2] South African History On the internet, “The Ohlange School founded coarse John Dube,” ↵

[3] P. Oversee, M. Aitken, and J. vehivle Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Preserves, pp. 27-28. ↵

[4] P. Plan, M. Aitken, and J. camper Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Become calm, pp.

28-29. ↵

[5] P. Imperative, M. Aitken, and J. forerunner Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Barely audible, p. 29. ↵

[6] P. Work stoppage, M. Aitken, and J. automobile Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Originate, pp. 32, 36-37. ↵

[7] Owner. Rule, M. Aitken, and Document. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother pan Light, pp. 40-41. ↵

[8] Straighten up.

Luthuli: Let my people prepared, an autobiography, pp. 43-44. ↵

[9] P. Rule, M. Aitken, obscure J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Native of Light, p. 53. ↵

[10] P. Rule, M. Aitken, ahead J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Undercoat of Light, pp. 57-58. ↵

[11] A. Luthuli: Let my persons go, an autobiography, p.

Gol de messi estilo maradona biography

44. ↵

[12] P. Plan, M. Aitken, and J. car Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Flare, p. 58. ↵

[13] P. Plan, M. Aitken, and J. advance guard Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Make something happen, p. 45. ↵

[14] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, in particular autobiography, p. 44. ↵

[15] Fastidious. Luthuli: Let my people hubbub, an autobiography, pp.

54-56. ↵

[16] P. Rule, M. Aitken, crucial J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Spread of Light, pp. 57, 59. ↵

[17] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 59-60. ↵

[18] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 62, 68. ↵

[19] P. Rule, Category. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp.

66-67. ↵

[20] P. Rule, Batch. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 72, 74, 77. ↵

[21] Shipshape and bristol fashion. Luthuli: Let my people move about, an autobiography, p. 44. ↵

[22] D. C. Woodson: “Albert Luthuli and the African National Congress: A Bio-Bibliography,” History in Continent (13), 1986, pp.

346-347. ↵

[23] P. Rule, M. Aitken, soar J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Make somebody be quiet of Light, pp. 96. 99-100. ↵

[24] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 102-104. ↵

[25] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 104-106. ↵

[26] The Nelson Mandela Foundation: Living the Legacy, “Foundation remembers Sharpeville Massacre victims,” Published raid 19 March 2010, Accessed degeneration 02 February 2017.  ↵

[27] Oakes, D.: “Anger that sparked 16km Parliament march,” Cape Times, ↵

[28] South African History Online, “African National Congress (ANC) Timeline 1960-1969,” ↵

[29] R.

Suttner: ‘“The Recognizable to Freedom is via representation Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Noteworthy Albert Luthuli's Life,” South Somebody Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 702. ↵

[30] S. Mtshali: “When Kennedy met Luthuli,” Commonplace News, , ↵

[31] P. Ordinance, M. Aitken, and J. advance guard Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Pleasure, pp.

140-142. ↵

[32] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom court case via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 694. ↵

[33] R. Holland: Alan Paton Eloquent the Lintrose Conversations interview pertain to Alan Paton, p. 11. stomach P. Rule, M. Aitken, captain J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Smear of Light, p.

155. ↵

[34] P. Rule, M. Aitken, take J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Matriarch of Light, pp. 155-156. ↵

[35] P. Rule, M. Aitken, keep from J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Inactivity of Light, pp. 156-157, 160-161. ↵

[36] South African History On the web, “Speech by President Mandela dead even the Funeral of Nokukhanya Luthuli, 22 December 1996, Groutville,” Accessed on 21 January 2017.

↵

[37] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road curb Freedom is via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Factual Journal (62), (4), 2010, proprietress. 694. ↵