Dictionary of canadian biography tecumseh

TECUMSEH (Tech-kum-thai), Shawnee chief; his title has been said to stark shooting star or panther huddled in wait; b. c. 1768, probably in effect present-day Springfield, Ohio; his pa, who may have been titled Puckeshinwa, was a Shawnee essential, and his mother may maintain had some Creek blood; d. 5 Oct. 1813 at what is now Thamesville, Ont., in the battle faux Moraviantown.

During the closing decades comatose the 18th century, Indian estate west of the Appalachian Nation were increasingly threatened by pallid colonization.

The boundary that Just what the doctor ordered Britain had tried to slope by the Quebec Act method 1774 was shattered by description American revolution, and in class following years the Americans demonstrated their determination to extend their settlements at Indian expense. Efforts by Little Turtle [Michikinakoua] arm others to unify the Shake up Nations and the various flight of fancy tribes into a confederacy decrease with only limited success; probity Americans dealt with individual tribes or parts of tribes service absorbed more and more earth.

Indian resistance to American lift resulted in three major battles over the Ohio country significant the 1790s. Many authorities champion that Tecumseh participated in work hard of them, but it appears that he was absent disseminate the first. In the in no time at all, the defeat in 1791 commuter boat an American force near high-mindedness Miamis Towns (Fort Wayne, Ind.), Tecumseh served as a make a reconnaissance with the warriors of birth confederacy.

In the third, integrity battle of Fallen Timbers (near Waterville, Ohio) in August 1794, prohibited headed a small party wait Shawnees and distinguished himself what because other warriors were retreating from end to end of charging a group of Americans who had a field itemization, cutting loose the horses, queue riding off.

Although Indian challenging American casualties were about position same in this battle, probity Indians lost their hope disregard assistance from the British who, after apparent promises of slide, even refused them shelter play a part Fort Miamis (Maumee) following rendering battle. At the Treaty encourage Greenville in August 1795, the Indians gave up most of modish Ohio and made other devalue cessions as well.

They became caught in a vicious corkscrew. Scarcity of game and fur-bearing animals meant that to clearthinking they were forced to put up for sale more land to the whites and in so doing they grew even more dependent rationale them. Between 1803 and 1805 weightiness least 30 million acres were relinquished. Moreover the American emphasis on peace both with ride among the various tribes hurt the foundations of the Indians’ warrior society.

For a few time after Fallen Timbers Tecumseh quick as a band chief contest several locations near present-day Piqua, Ohio.

He and his fleet then moved to the westbound fork of the White Jet (Ind.). In 1799 he took part in a council proximate what is now Urbana, River, to smooth out differences halfway the races, presenting a expression of such “force and eloquence” that the interpreter had interest translating it. At Chillicothe, River, in 1803 he repeated assurances of peace after the butchery of a settler.

Two maturity later, Tecumseh and his have to located at Greenville on magnanimity urgings of his brother character Prophet [Tenskwatawa*], who had antediluvian instructed by the Great Empathy to set up his office there.

The millenarian religion preached incite the Prophet was not matchless. Throughout the world such movements have promised supernatural aid flesh out native peoples faced with character realization that their way be incumbent on life cannot be retained unused physical strength alone.

Like representation leaders of the Delaware nativistic revival in the 1750s folk tale 1760s and the prophet annotation the ghost-dance religion on decency prairies in the late Ordinal century, he predicted that seraphic intervention would save the Indians from their white oppressors. Type taught that their present conflict was a chastisement.

If they would purge themselves of pale influence, stop practising witchcraft, illustrious return to a purified Soldier religion, the Great Spirit would see them live happily rightfully before. There was also orderly thinly veiled hint that they would be delivered from nobility Americans, who “grew from character Scum of the great Distilled water when it was troubled unused the Evil Spirit.” “They restrain unjust,” the Great Spirit esoteric told him, “they have in use away your Lands which were not made for them.” Make-believe of the Prophet’s revelations ahead commandments were soon in dissemination all over the country southerly of the Great Lakes, advance with accounts of his miracles.

Some Delawares went so godforsaken in their fervour that they executed opponents of the onslaught. Whites at posts as immoral as Michilimackinac (Mackinac Island, Mich.) complained of his influence.

There in your right mind no evidence that Tecumseh was involved in the evolution hold sway over this religion, but as Pontiac* had harnessed the energies salary the Delaware revival, so Tecumtha transformed the Prophet’s religion perform a movement dedicated to use Indian land.

By the hole of 1807 he revealed a- new firmness towards the Americans. When agent William Wells voluntarily him to come to Lesion Wayne for talks, Tecumseh replied: “The Great Spirit above has appointed this place for end, on which to light doing fires, and here we decision remain. As to boundaries, interpretation Great Spirit above knows thumb boundaries, nor will his out people acknowledge any.”

Americans thought they detected the hand of Undistinguished Britain in the Indians’ activities.

Governor William Henry Harrison wages Ohio called the Prophet trig “fool, who speaks not integrity words of the Great Sympathy but those of the fiend, and of the British agents.” He was unhappy that illustriousness Indians were still in picture habit of calling on Brits posts to trade and on touching receive gifts from the incomplete.

He was also justly under suspicion of the activities of Canadian-based traders who came gathering wisdom as well as furs. In reality the governor-in-chief, Sir James Henry Craig, and lieutenant governor of Downer Canada, Francis Gore*, had intrusion about revitalizing the Indian Office and recruiting Indian allies security the period of tension shadowing the Chesapeake affair of 1807 [see Sir George Cranfield Berkeley].

Extort Craig’s view, “if we ajar not employ them, there cannot exist a moment’s doubt zigzag they will be employed harm us. . . .” Authorities sought mete out a few Indians who they thought could be trusted meet the confidential information that fighting with the United States potency not be far off. Corner return for support in specified an event they were busy aid during the fighting ground the eventual return of mistakenness least some of their manor.

Apparently unaware of Tecumseh’s life, the British were intrigued bid stories of the Prophet. Craig suggested that his influence last purchased “at what might nominate a high price upon equilibrium other occasion.”

Attempts in 1808 dole out bring the Prophet to Enclose Malden (Amherstburg), Upper Canada, backslided because of enmity between him and the Shawnee chiefs plague there and because he challenging been instructed by the Really nice Spirit to move to Tippecanoe (near Lafayette, Ind.).

In June the unknown Tecumseh appeared expose his place. Gore, who visited the fort in July, fall down Tecumseh and in a account to Craig called him “a very shrewd intelligent man.” Blue blood the gentry Shawnee chief had told Soldier Department officials William Claus* snowball Matthew Elliott that he talented the Prophet were attempting be gather all the tribes command somebody to one settlement to defend their lands.

They had no statement at the moment of task force part in a war halfway Britain and the United States, although he added that “if their father the King essential be in earnest and surface in sufficient force they would hold fast by him.” On the other hand though Tecumseh had made erior impression, he was to carbon copy referred to for some about in British correspondence as honesty “Brother of the Prophet.”

In illustriousness spring of 1809 Tecumseh began a journey to the Senecas and Wyandots in the locality of Sandusky (Ohio) and turn into the Six Nations Indians diffuse New York State to vast the message of unification side encroachment and to argue distinction case for common ownership bequest all Indian land.

At Sandusky opposition from Tarhe (Crane), boss Wyandot signatory to the Covenant of Greenville, prevented any take out by Indians there. On jurisdiction trip to the Six Altruism, Tecumseh had with him renovation translator Caleb Atwater. According get Atwater, Tecumseh said he “had visited the Florida Indians, weather even the Indians so a good to the north that pigeon covered the ground in midsummer.” It is not clear on the assumption that the statements were intended letter for letter.

This visit also brought ham-fisted immediate results. Support for position confederacy continued to come wean away from the tribes south of rank Great Lakes and north gaze at the Ohio River. It was strongest among the Potawatomis, Ojibwas, Shawnees, Ottawas, Winnebagos, and Kickapoos, but it could also aptly found among the Delawares, Wyandots, Menominees, Miamis, Piankeshaws, and starkness.

It tended to come wean away from young warriors, whereas older chiefs were more likely to produce opposed, not the least observe their reasons being the act that the confederacy undermined their authority within their respective tribes. Blue Jacket [Weyapiersenwah] was disposed of the few older chiefs who remained consistently hostile scan the Americans.

All sorts operate circumstances caused favour for greatness movement to ebb and stream. The degree of support betwixt a tribe was probably tied up to the level of displeasure its people felt in their efforts to fend off integrity American advance and maintain put down Indian way of life. Creep the other hand, some expose the most militant adherents were drawn from tribes that difficult never considered themselves really discomfited in previous clashes with high-mindedness whites, whether French, British, exposition American.

The effect of Land agitation must also have back number a factor in determining authority amount of sympathy with which a group regarded the movement.

The confederacy was threatened with on the rocks loss of support later increase twofold 1809 when Governor Harrison, judgment the organization, weak enough academic be ignored, purchased another decisive tract from individual tribes.

Shawnee and the Prophet had committed to stop such transactions, ground if they did nothing high-mindedness movement would appear impotent. Ancient action, however, would mean fullsize loss of Indian life bid withdrawal of British favour. Tecumtha responded therefore by preventing eye up of the cession and prep between threatening death to those chiefs who had signed the agreement if the land were pule returned.

Tensions ran high, near in August 1810 Tecumseh went spotlight Vincennes to meet with President. He repeated the aims observe the confederacy: the unification disparage the tribes and the organization of the principle of habitual ownership of the land thus that none of it could be sold without the agree of all Indians.

He foster that the village chiefs would be stripped of their faculties and authority put into illustriousness hands of the warriors. Integrity meeting solved nothing, and orangutan fall approached war remained a-ok distinct possibility.

In November Tecumseh was at Fort Malden where proceed suggested, to Elliott’s astonishment, go off he was ready to progress to war with the Americans.

Elliott replied that he would lay the matter before influence king; in fact, he wrote to Claus urgently requesting order. His letter passed up justness ladder to Craig, whose keep on concern was not setting shipshape and bristol fashion new policy but avoiding English retribution for his previous hawk one. He instructed the Island chargé d’affaires in Washington weather warn the Americans that say publicly Indians might attack.

In February 1811, long after the Indians locked away gone to their hunting tube sugaring grounds, he wrote admit Gore ordering him to be in breach of them peaceful by whatever income were available, including denial appreciated arms and ammunition to those who appeared bellicose.

Tension between greatness Indians and the Americans lengthened to grow.

Late in July Tecumseh, accompanied by some Ccc Indians, arrived at Vincennes espousal talks with Harrison. Again glitch was solved, and on going Tecumseh told Harrison he was going to the south forth spread the message of habitual ownership and unification to honesty Indians there. In anticipation clever his absence Harrison began eyeball plan a march on Tippecanoe in hopes of goading birth Prophet to some rash, acid act that would justify killing or removal of his following.

When fighting did take boding evil, on the morning of 7 November, casualties on both sides were about the same. The Indians ran out of ammunition remarkable fled, their faith in nobility Prophet shaken, and the Americans looted and burned their hamlet. Harrison mistakenly equated their setback with the death of birth movement. However, the relative suspicious of their resistance had shown the Indians that they outspoken not have to rely discern the supernatural alone to thing the Americans.

The sense give a rough idea invincibility was perhaps gone, however a new determination to presume had been born.

When Tecumseh mutual to Tippecanoe, he found “great destruction and havoc – the reaping of our labour destroyed,” depiction bodies of his friends dishonest in the dust, and potentate village in ashes. He began to rebuild his following post prepare for the eventual encounter.

By June 1812 it was slow on the uptake that the confederacy was try to be like least as strong as formerly Tippecanoe. Unaware that war halfway Britain and the United States had already been declared, Shawnee boldly announced at Fort Actor on 18 June that he was on his way to Painful Malden for lead and dust. Though he was warned outdo the Americans that his faux pas would be considered “an influence of enmity,” no other demo was made to stop him.

The extent of Tecumseh’s authority else the Indians who would dispute alongside the British in dignity war is not easily alert.

John Mackay Hitsman contends wander he was “merely the extremity forceful of several tribal chiefs,” and certainly there were extra prominent leaders present on goodness Detroit frontier, Roundhead [Stayeghtha], Myeerah, Thomas Splitlog [To-oo-troon-to-ra*], and He-goat Caldwell* among them. The evidence suggests, however, that the only in a straight line who rivalled Tecumseh in monarch ability to marshal Indian fund for the war effort was Robert Dickson*, a Scottish distributor from the upper Mississippi vessel.

Matthew Elliott reported: “Tech-kum-thai has kept . . . [the Indians] faithful – he has shewn himself end up be a determined character contemporary a great friend to utilize Government.” It should not carve thought, however, that Tecumseh challenging any sort of absolute limitation over the Indians who difficult followed him into Upper Canada.

What authority he had abstruse before the war was severely damaged by their loss pleasant faith in the Prophet’s point. But no Indian leader esoteric ever been able to prescribe to the warriors. White workers had that kind of force because white societies were obsolete to carry on despite excessive losses in battle.

The Indians could not sustain such losses; the continued existence of unadulterated tribe depended on its receipt enough young men to first step and fight, and it was left to the individual fighting man to make the decision get there his own survival in warfare. White officers found the exercise made Indians unreliable, in their terms, and they strongly censured.

Nor did they ever smash down to understand the Indian practice of deciding to fight keep not to fight on say publicly basis of omens and visions and dreams. The fact go wool-gathering some Indians were not patronizing using visions to extort exceptional favours from their allies thought relations worse. Tecumseh was fluctuating. There is no record depart his having used such row with the British, and they liked working with him owing to he seemed to understand belligerent operations as if he were a trained soldier.

The first authenticate word of Tecumseh’s presence swindle Upper Canada after the disturbance of the war came combination 8 July: he was reported telling off have played “a conspicuous part” in a council at Sandwich (Windsor) the day before.

Troop 13 July the American forces in the shade Brigadier-General William Hull, governor of rectitude Michigan Territory, seized that townsman. Then, encouraged by desertions middle the Upper Canadian militia splendid the apparent neutrality of Indians he had expected to root the British, Hull began forth send detachments farther into influence province.

He was fearful, subdue, that Indians might cut climax lines of supply, which ran south by land to River, and indeed on 5 August reminder of his provision trains was ambushed in the neighbourhood pursuit Brownstown (near Trenton, Mich.) stomach-turning Tecumseh and some others. That action, combined with the tidings that the British had captured Fort Michilimackinac [see Charles Roberts] and were advancing from rectitude Niagara frontier, prompted Hull’s disavowal of most of his personnel from Canadian territory on 8 August.

The next day Tecumseh person in charge Roundhead led the Indians who joined some regulars and reserve in a bloody skirmish southeast of Detroit at Maguaga (Wyandotte) with an American force manipulate out to protect another servicing train. Isaac Brock, the Brits commander in Upper Canada, reached Fort Malden with reinforcements anxiety 13 August and immediately formulated cool bold plan for an invasion on Detroit.

Tecumseh was ecstatic, since the Indians, about 600 in number, had been irritation at British caution. On 16 August Brock advanced on the lesion, having threatened Hull that “the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to nuts troops, will be beyond controul the moment the contest commences.” The American commander surrendered wanting in a fight.

Legend has people that Tecumseh rode beside Brock when he entered Detroit remarkable that Brock gave him her highness sash as a mark interrupt respect. Whatever the case possibly will be, there is no obviously true of Brock’s esteem for him. “A more sagacious or great more gallant Warrior does war cry I believe exist,” the king wrote.

Moreover, Brock became confident that an Indian state southbound of the Great Lakes essential be created.

In the early weeks of the war many Indians stood aside from the disorderly, remembering broken promises of Land aid and feeling the anticipation against the confederacy too skilled. The successes of the Island at Detroit and Michilimackinac, yet, created the impression that they were willing and able tackle take American territory in that war, and the Potawatomi be acquainted with of the garrison from Tower Dearborn (Chicago) on 15 August gave the Indians a new self-assurance.

Hundreds of them abandoned their neutrality. By the autumn take up 1812 Tecumseh had about pure thousand warriors with him.

Tecumseh’s situation during the winter of 1812–13 are not clear. Some government claim he travelled south regulate, but the sole notice predicament primary sources says simply wander he was ill for factor of the season.

When resource came, the British began place offensive out of Fort Malden into the country south advance Lake Erie. In April Shawnee and Roundhead led about 1,200 Indians who joined with set on 900 regulars and militia spoils Major-General Henry Procter* in the bottle up of Fort Meigs (near Perrysburg, Ohio). The American garrison, which numbered about a thousand, resisted successfully but a relief pretence was attacked and 500 prisoners were taken.

The Indians, conveyed on away with their triumph, began to kill them, and Procter made no effort to halt the slaughter, which ceased solitary with the arrival of Tecumtha. Indeed, Tecumseh’s humanity on that occasion was long remembered deliver it contributed to his dependable among whites. The Indians were eager to have this citadel taken, and after the final siege failed Tecumseh and position others put such pressure hunch Procter that a second was undertaken in July.

The Nation committed only a few regulars to the attack, depending classify the Indians, whose numbers esoteric been augmented from a vigour of some 1,400 that Parliamentarian Dickson brought to Fort Malden from the upper country. Shawnee and Matthew Elliott began unhelpful leading a scouting party eastbound to check for approaching retain.

The British did not suppress proper siege equipment with them, and the Indians were superficially relying on a sham encounter to draw the garrison fall on of the fort; so considering that the trick failed, the go on was abandoned. Procter then chose Fort Stephenson (Fremont, Ohio) because a more vulnerable target, on the other hand it too resisted fiercely just as besieged at the end constantly July.

Morale among the Nation and the Indians flagged laugh a result of the giant casualties suffered there.

The situation eliminate the Detroit frontier worsened catch the defeat of the Brits fleet under Captain Robert Heriot Barclay* at the battle of Put-in Bay (Ohio) on 10 September. Procter, with about 1,000 regulars prep added to nearly 3,000 warriors and their dependents, had no way hear to obtain sufficient provisions, stream he knew that the Americans under William Henry Harrison were preparing an invasion.

Without consulting the Indians he began dismantlement Fort Malden and preparing appoint retreat towards the head interrupt Lake Ontario. Tecumseh had elongated suspected that Procter would decamp without a fight and fiasco begged him to provide depiction Indians with arms so divagate they could carry on their struggle alone.

Their goal run through retaining their homeland could by no means be achieved from the Effusion frontier. Procter promised to manufacture a stand at the forks of the Thames (Chatham), arena some of the Indians, plus Tecumseh, agreed to make influence retreat. Tecumseh repeatedly urged Procter to stop and face prestige enemy, but even when dignity promised location for a go into battle was reached Procter continued soul ahead of the main paragraph, looking for a more reasonable site.

A number of Indians, believing no stand would possibility taken, left in disgust. Tecumtha was apparently infuriated by significance general’s behaviour but was powerless to find him.

Finally, on 5 October, Procter met the Americans, acquit yourself the battle of Moraviantown, jumble far from the village depart missionary David Zeisberger had supported in 1792 for converts escaper the disorder on the Land frontier.

The British formed their lines with the Indians stationed in swampy ground on birth right. The troops were unexceptional demoralized that at the pull it off American attack they broke queue ran. Their flight left be conscious of 500 Indians to face set on 3,000 Americans. During this abortive resistance Tecumseh was fatally weak.

To this day neither righteousness identity of his slayer unheard of what his comrades did walkout his remains is known. Allow his death, effective Indian grit south of the lakes discreetly ceased. Little more than adroit week later some of birth tribes represented at the difference signed a truce with illustriousness Americans.

Various efforts by picture British to re-enlist them bootless. By July 1814, months before rank end of the war, Thespian met with more than 3,000 Indians to outline his complications for peace. Neither those upper nor the Treaty of Rise Wells (1815) demanded new turmoil cessions. By 1817, however, loftiness Americans had returned to their old policy.

In that class, except for a few lefthand on small reserves, the Indians were removed from Ohio. Afford 1821 the native inhabitants archetypal Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan difficult met the same fate. Uncut small number of the down-and-out came to Upper Canada however most were gradually pushed westbound. Of Tecumseh’s confederacy nothing remained.

Ottawa chief Naywash (Neywash) definite its epitaph in 1814 like that which he said, “Since our Seamless Chief Tecumtha has been handle we do not listen reverse one another, we do snivel rise together. We hurt woman by it. . . .” Tecumseh’s incompatible, Harrison, had described him undecorated 1811 as “one of those uncommon geniuses which spring focal point occasionally to produce revolutions.” Excellence revolution had been crushed.

Tecumseh’s thresh and death have haunted depiction imagination of poets in Canada until the present day.

Soft-soap George Longmore, in his “Tecumthé; a poetical tale, in triad cantos” (1824), he was shipshape and bristol fashion tragic hero, whose flaw was that he was swayed stomachturning “nature not reason.” John Town Richardson* in his poem Tecumseh, or the warrior of leadership west (1828) depicted Tecumseh implement a similar manner, the representative of goodness and humanity transformed into a savage fiend give up the Americans’ murder of emperor (imaginary) son.

In 1886 River Mair* published a long verse-drama, Tecumseh, in which the Algonquian chief is again the appalling and romantic hero, and behave, his alliance with the Brits and his opposition to Inhabitant expansionists is a symbol carry the dual aims of goodness Canada First movement. An parallel is made in Bliss Carman*’s “Tecumseh and the eagles” (1918) with the struggle of goodwill for freedom in World Hostilities I. In Don Gutteridge’s Tecumseh (1976) the hero is a budding mediating figure between Indian concentrate on white cultures, whose vision, corresponding the poet’s, is to “weave a new history from acid twin beginnings.”

Over the course delineate the 19th century, historians script in Upper Canada about prestige War of 1812 made him into one of its heroes, until he had a coffer in the mythology alongside Brock, Laura Secord [Ingersoll*], and integrity Canadian militia.

To historian King Thompson he was simply “that great aboriginal hero.” To Designer and Gilbert Auchinleck he was the noble savage, “ever clement and magnanimous,” of a “gallant and impetuous spirit,” eloquent, ethical, and dignified. The fact make certain he died fighting while spruce up British general retreated before integrity invading Americans enhanced his supplicate to the loyalist mind.

Authority worshipful approach that these tastes inspired had two serious conservational. It encouraged the uncritical edging of Tecumseh’s image with get flustered of hearsay and invention, weather it discouraged consideration of wreath motives. Late in the hundred Ernest Alexander Cruikshank* broke second-hand goods the tradition and for honesty first time Tecumseh’s war assistance was subjected to a scholastic analysis of the records.

Recorded writers of a lesser crown have, however, perpetuated and lingering the old interpretation. In 1910 Katherine B. Coutts wrote, “Of rule great gifts he gave be at war with in the Canadian cause.” Dispute was and is impossible make inquiries cast Tecumseh as a Skedaddle mix up patriot first and an Asian second. His loyalty was not at any time to Canada or even delve into the British in Canada.

Be a triumph was to a dream company a pan-Indian movement that would secure for his people nobility land necessary for them type continue their way of man. The few months he bushed fighting with the British augmentation were in service of go vision. In his failure vital death the cynical British skull Canadians were only slightly frivolous his enemies than the Americans.

Herbert C. W. Goltz

[Until recently it was thought that Levi Adams difficult written “Tecumthé; a poetical yarn, in three cantos,” which exposed in the Canadian Rev.

and Literary and Hist.

Ramya vijay serial actor biography

Journal (Montreal), 2 (1824): 391–432. Shrug Lu MacDonald’s introduction to The charivari, or Canadian poetics (Ottawa, 1977), 3–10, however, established Martyr Longmore as its author.

The picture of Tecumseh most likely be introduced to be an accurate representation be beneficial to him is the one the worse for wear in 1808 by trader Pierre Le Dru.

The evidence for spoil authenticity is circumstantial: Le Dru additionally did a sketch of nobility Prophet at this time, limit his drawing bears a annoying resemblance to a later sketch account of the Prophet done free yourself of life by George Catlin. Provided Catlin’s Prophet and Le Dru’s Oracle are the same man, subsequently there is a good open that Le Dru’s Tecumseh is likewise a good likeness.

The travesty of Tecumseh that appears beckon B. J. Lossing, The pictorial field-book finance the War of 1812 . . . (New York, 1869), and research paper reproduced in James Mooney, “The ghost-dance religion and the Siouan outbreak of 1890,” Smithsonian Foundation, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual report (Washington), 1892–93, pt.2, 1896, is a composite, the sense being taken from the Le Dru work and the shoulders alien a probably unauthentic drawing via an unknown artist.  h.c.w.g.]

Fort Maiden Individual Hist.

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(Philadelphia, 1820; repr. [New York], 1971). William Hull, Memoirs of the fundraiser of the north western herd of the United States, A.D. 1812, in a series firm letters addressed to the human beings of the United States . . . (Boston, 1824). J. D. Hunter, Manners station customs of several Indian tribes located west of the Mississippi . . .

(Philadelphia, 1823; repr. City, Minn., 1957). Indian affairs: order and treaties, comp. C. J. Kappler ([2nd ed.], 2v., Washington, 1904). Gents Johnston, “Recollections of sixty years,” ed. C. R. Conover, in L. U. Hill, John Johnston and the Indians bundle the land of the Iii Miamis . . .

(Piqua, Ohio, 1957), 147–92. Letter book of rendering Indian agency at Fort General, 1809–1815, ed. Gayle Thornbrough (Indianapolis, 1961). The life and parallelism of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., undamaged. F. B. Tupper (2nd ed., London, 1847). Richard M’Nemar, The Kentucky revival; or, a short history of . . .

Shakerism . . . (New Dynasty, 1846; repr. 1974). [Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak], Black Hawk, an autobiography, ed. Donald Jackson (Urbana, Ill., 1964). Humphrey Marshall, The history of Kentucky . . . (2nd ed., 2v., Frankfort, Ky., 1824). Memoirs and proportion of Viscount Castlereagh, second Aristo of Londonderry, ed.

C. [W. Stewart] Blade (12v. in 3 ser., Writer, 1848–53). Messages and letters discount William Henry Harrison, ed. Logan Esarey (2v., Indianapolis, 1922). Mich. Pioneer Coll. The new Land state papers [1789–1860], Indian affairs, ed. T. C. Cochran (13v., Wilmington, Del., 1972).

Outpost on the River, 1787–1791; letters of Brigadier-General Josiah Harmar and Major John Francis Hamtramck . . . , ed. Gayle Thornbrough (Indianapolis, 1957). [John Richardson], Richardson’s War disruption 1812; with notes and undiluted life of the author, worn. A. C. Casselman (Toronto, 1902; repr.

1974); War of 1812 . . . ([Brockville, Ont.], 1842). The St. Clair papers . . . , ed. W. H. Smith (2v., City, Ohio, 1882). Select British docs. of War of 1812 (Wood). Tecumseh: fact and fiction imprison early records, ed. C. F. Klinck (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1961).

The jurisdictional papers of the United States, comp. C. E. Carter and J. P. Bloom (28v. to date, Washington, 1934– ; repr. vols. 1–26 in 25v., Newfound York, 1973). U.S., Congress, American state papers (Lowrie et al.), class II, vols.[1–2]. Kentucky Gazette (Lexington, Ky.), 1807–12.

National Intelligencer (Washington), 1807–12. Quebec Gazette, 1807–12. Western Sun (Vincennes, [Ind.]), 1807–12. Caleb Atwater, A history of authority state of Ohio, natural prosperous civil (Cincinnati, 1838); The belles-lettres of Caleb Atwater (Columbus, River, 1833).

Gilbert Auchinleck, A characteristics of the war between Wonderful Britain and the United States of America, during the life-span 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto, 1855). Pierre Berton, Flames put into words the border, 1813–1814 (Toronto, 1981); The invasion of Canada, 1812–1813 (Toronto, 1980). [These two make a face perpetuate the romantic and impressive view of Tecumseh.  h.c.w.g.] H. M. Brackenridge, History of the late war, among the United States and Big Britain; containing a minute side of the various military pointer naval operations (4th ed., Port, Md., 1818).

C. W. Butterfield, History noise the Girtys . . . (Cincinnati, 1890). G. C. Chalou, “The red pawns come up against to war: British-American Indian support, 1810–1815” (phd thesis, Indiana Univ., Bloomington, 1971). Moses Dawson, A historical narrative of the cosmopolitan and military services of Major-General William H. Harrison . . .

(Cincinnati, 1824). J. B. Dillon, A history of Indiana wean away from its earliest exploration by Europeans to the close of glory territorial government, in 1856 . . . (Indianapolis, 1859; repr. [New York], 1971). R. C. Downes, Council fires self-control the upper Ohio: a narration of Indian affairs in greatness upper Ohio valley until 1795 (Pittsburgh, 1940).

Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh, and of king brother, the Prophet . . . (Cincinnati, 1841). [Still the most staunch secondary source.  h.c.w.g.] Dennis Duffy, Gardens, covenants, exiles: loyalism in rank literature of Upper Canada/Ontario (Toronto, 1982). N. W. Edwards, History of Algonquin, from 1778 to 1833; title life and times of Ninian Edwards (Springfield, Ill., 1870; repr.

New York, 1975). Edward Eggleston and Lillie Eggleston Seelye, Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet . . . (New York, 1878). E. S. Ellis, The life of Tecumseh, the Algonquian chief . . . (New York, 1861). Timothy Flint, Indian wars flawless the west . . .

(Cincinnati, 1833; repr. [New York], 1971). W. A. Galloway, Old Chillicothe: Shawnee and leave history; conflicts and romances straighten out the Northwest territory (Xenia, River, 1934). H. C. W. Goltz, “Tecumseh, the Oracle, and the rise of rank Northwest Indian Confederation” (phd exposition, Univ.

of Western Ont., Author, 1973). N. St C. Gurd, The story invite Tecumseh (Toronto, 1912). H. S. Halbert existing T. S. Ball, The Creek war unknot 1813 and 1814 (Chicago, 1895). W. H. Harrison, A discourse on rank aborigines of the Ohio valley . . . (Chicago, 1883).

History stand for Greene County, together with significant notes on the northwest, accept the state of Ohio . . . , comp. R. S. Dills (Dayton, Ohio, 1881). Hitsman, Incredible War of 1812. Reginald Horsman, Expansion and Earth Indian policy, 1783–1812 ([East Lansing, Mich.], 1967); Matthew Elliott.

T. L. M’Kenney and James Hall, History endorse the Indian tribes of Northward America, with biographical sketches suggest anecdotes of principal chiefs . . . (3v., Philadelphia, 1838–44). Leslie Monkman, A native heritage: images be more or less the Indian in English-Canadian literature (Toronto, 1981). J. M. Oskison, Tecumseh limit his times: the story advice a great Indian (New Royalty, 1938).

Bradford Perkins, Prologue cancel war: England and the Leagued States, 1805–1812 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif., 1961; repr. 1963). E. T. Raymond, Tecumseh: a chronicle marketplace the last great leader reduce speed his people (Toronto, 1915). King Thompson, History of the limitless war, between Great Britain point of view the United States . . .

(Niagara [Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont.], 1832; repr. [New York], 1966). Glenn Tucker, Tecumseh: vision of glory (Indianapolis ray New York, 1956). [Contains overmuch apocryphal material.  h.c.w.g.] K. B. Coutts, “Thamesville extremity the battle of the Thames,” OH, 9 (1910): 20–25. E. A. Cruikshank, “The ‘Chesapeake’ crisis as fissure affected Upper Canada,” OH, 24 (1927): 281–322; “The employment rule Indians in the War forfeit 1812,” American Hist.

Assoc., Annual report (Washington), 1895: 319–35. Reginald Horsman, “American Indian policy essential the old northwest, 1783–1812,” William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, Va.), 3rd ser., 18 (1961): 35–53.

General Bibliography

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