7th imam musa kazim shrine

Anyone approaching Baghdad from probity north or the west liking be impressed by the desirability of the four golden minarets at Kadhmayn, the Shrine penalty the Two Imams, Imam Musa al-Kadhim (A.S.) and Imam Muhammad Taqi al-Jawad (A.S.).

They trade respectively the Seventh and justness Ninth of the Twelve Imams, at whose tombs we hold accustomed to seek healing trip to invoke their intercession practise the forgiveness of our sins and the fulfillment of definite needs.

The present goods dates back only to illustriousness beginning of the sixteenth c and has been kept rephrase excellent repair.

This building represents the restoration of Shah lsmail I Safavi (1502 - 24), though when the Turkish Governing, Suleiman the Great, captured Bagdad and remained there for quaternion months in 1534, he visited this sacred place, and assessment said to have contributed familiar with the further ornamentation of leadership Shrine at Kadhmayn.

The tiles for the double cupola, nevertheless, were provided in 1796 get ahead of Shah Agha Muhammad Khan, who was the first of grandeur Persian Qajar dynasty.

In 1870, Nasr-al-Din Shah had these fortunate tiles repaired on one befit the domes and on honesty minarets. It is interesting prowl the dates of all these alterations are clearly indicated inured to inscriptions.

If we earnings in mind that the Figure Imams who are buried wisdom were martyred in the dawn of the eighth century, proffer will be evident that nearby are seven hundred years second the history of their catacomb to account for, previous pin down the comparatively modern restoration grapple Shah Ismail I.

The Imams lived in the early years of Baghdad, while the walls of Mansur's round city psychiatry the western side of prestige Tigris were still standing. All over were cemeteries to the nor'-west that went by various use foul language - that at the Asian Gate, that of the Abbasids, and that of the In the altogether Gate.¹

The Two Imams were buried immediately to the westerly of this latter cemetery, however by the time Yakubi wrote, the whole northern district was designated in a general technique as the cemetery of greatness Kuraish.² Both of these Imams were poisoned at the incitement of the reigning Caliphs, on the other hand it is significant that play a role the case of Imam Muhammad Taqi, the funeral service was read by a representative friendly the royal family,³ which indisputably distinguished the Imam as archetypal important person, at whose honoured some sort of a ceiling would be built.

Nevertheless as to the importance fastened in the early times acquiesce the visit to this undercroft depository, the only information available review on the authority of jus civile \'civil law\' that have been attributed wring the Eighth and Tenth Imams. These traditions are answers they are said to have secure when they were asked contempt their followers concerning the benefit of pilgrimage to Kadhmayn.

It is related that depiction Imam Ali Rida (A.S.), whose life in Baghdad was through the caliphate of Haroon al-Rashid, told his Shia followers profit say their prayers of drink to to his father, the Mohammedan Musa al-Kadhim, "Outside the walls of the Shrine, or mull it over the nearby mosques," if blue blood the gentry Sunni authority and prejudice play a part Baghdad was too great fund them to do so unbendable the tomb itself.

From that we infer that a chattels of some sort was recognised at that early date in the same way marking the tomb of blue blood the gentry Imam Musa and that likeness was surrounded by a go bust.

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Further statements are said to have back number made a few years consequent by the Imam Ali Naqi (A.S.), whose period in goodness Imamate began during the next part of the Caliphate elder Mu'tasim, and who enjoyed bigger indulgence that was shown attain the Shias until the term of reaction against them attend to the Mu'tazalites under the Calif Mutawakkil.

The following particular instructions for visiting this Shrine imitate been given by Majlisi.

When you wish to send back the tomb of Musa ibn Jafar (A.S.) and the mausoleum of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Musa (A.S.), first you rust bathe and make yourself spanking new, then anoint yourself with redolence and put on two swab clean off garments, after which you total to say at the vault 2 of the Imam Musa: -

Peace be upon thee, Intelligence Friend of God!

Calmness be upon thee, O Endorsement of God!

Peace nominate upon thee, O Light company God!

O Light need the dark place of depiction earth!

Peace be stare him whom God advances secure thy regard,

Behold Distracted come as a pilgrim, who acknowledges your right,

Who hates your enemies and befriends your friends,

So become involved for me therefore with your Lord.

"You are then free," said the Imam Ali Naqi (A.S.), "to ask for your personal needs, after which ready to react should offer a prayer pretend salutation to the Imam Muhammad Taqi (A.S.), using these changeless words."

Majlisi, who has included these traditions in potentate instructions for modern pilgrims be this Shrine, makes the care in explanation of the hardly any - brevity of the demanded prayer, "that it was permissible in those times to tools great care in dissimulation (taqiyah) that the Shias should weep suffer injury."⁴

Another tradition ditch dates from the same c in which these two Imams died is attributed to efficient certain Hasan ibn Jamhur, who said:

"In the assemblage 296 A.H., when Ali ibn Ahmad al-Frat was Vizier, Unrestrained saw Ahmad ibn Rabi", who was one of the Caliph's writers, when his hand abstruse gotten infected so that match had bad odour and sordid black.

Everyone who aphorism him had no doubt on the other hand that he would die. Reside in a dream, however, he aphorism Hadrat Ali (A.S.), and thought to him: "O Amiru'l Momineen, will you not ask Demiurge to give me my hand?" Hadrat Ali (A.S.) answered, `go to Musa ibn Jafar (A.S.) and he will ask that for you from God.'

Ready money the morning they got well-ordered litter and carpeted it, gave him a bath and anointed him with perfume.

They confidential him lie down in justness litter and covered him come to get a robe. Then they annoy him to the tomb take away Imam Musa ibn Jafar (A.S.), whose intercession he sought call in prayer.

The afflicted man took some of the earth differ the tomb and rubbed wash out on his arm upto nobleness shoulder and then bound distinction arm up again.

The monitor day, when he opened grandeur bandage, he saw that spellbind the skin and flesh grounding the arm had fallen successful, and that only the dock and veins and ligaments remained, and the bad odour locked away also ceased, When the vizier heard of this he took the men to testify pass for what had happened.

In clever short time the healthy pomace and skin grew back restore, and he was able phizog resume his work of writing.".

Majlisi adds the notice that "in every period all round have been so many miracles (mu'jizaat) and demonstrations of operate (karamat) at the tomb censure these two saints that apropos is no need to recount cases of the past.

Cede our own times there object so many instances occurring move recurring that to recount them would be a lengthy process."⁵

After the Abbasid caliphs locked away fallen more under the force of the commanders of their armies of Turkish mercenaries, encircling was a rising of decency Buyids (or Buwaihids) in Persia; and in A.D.

946 birth Caliph Mustakfi was blinded dampen the Buyid Prince, Mu'izzu'd Dawla, who set up the blinded Caliph's son, al-Muktaddir, as out nominal ruler while he acquainted the actual authority himself. Ibn Athir has related that "the Buyids were fanatical adherents addendum Ali and firmly convinced think it over the Abbasids were usurpers sum a throne that rightfully belonged to others."⁶

They did howl take over the Caliphate, however in addition to retaining retrieve themselves the authority and perquisites of the government of greatness provinces, they proclaimed the precede ten days of the four weeks of Muharram as a stretch of time of public mourning for Hussein,⁷ and they frequently enriched blue blood the gentry sanctuary at Kadhmayn with their gifts.

The Caliph Tai' shambles reported to have led distinction Friday prayers in the Kadhmayn mosque,⁸ so that in representation period of the revival interrupt the Shia influence under illustriousness protection of the Buyids, incredulity are certain that the Kadhmayn Shrine was regularly visited dampen pilgrims and served as "the rallying place of the Shia party."

It was at near this period that the quaternion great works of the Shia tradition were compiled.

Kulaini labour in Baghdad in A.D. 939, after completing his monumental tool, the Compendium of the Discipline art of Religion (al-Kafi fi Remove the skin ad-din), which is perhaps depiction most highly esteemed of wrestling match the Shia source books. Ibn Babuwaihi had come to Bagdad from Khorasan in 966 A.D., where he devoted himself call on teaching and writing.

His `Every Man His Own Lawyer' (Kitab man la yadhuruhu' l-Faqih), court case also one of the span most authorative books on Shia law and tradition.

And xvi years after the death scope Ibn Babuwaihi, Al-Tusi also came from Khorasan to teach discharge Baghdad, where he wrote magnanimity remaining two of the quatern great books of traditions ditch lie at the basis indicate Shia theology and jurisprudence, `The Correcting of judgments' (Tahzhib al-Ahkam) and the `Examination of Differences in Traditions' (Al-Istibsar).

Unsure this time of greater doggedness on the part of magnanimity Shias, riots with the Sunnis were not infrequent in Bagdad. In one of these disturbances in 1051 A.D. the Sect leader was killed in exceptional fight that had ensued like that which the Shias ventured to slap an inscription laudatory of Calif above one of the impediment gates.

The indignation of honourableness Sunnis was so great lose concentration in the tension of class situation after their leader's obsequies, they went as a proletariat into the Shrine of Kadhmayn and plundered the tombs addendum the two Imams.

Afterwards carrying off the gold pole silver lamps and the dying which adorned these sanctuaries, say publicly rioters on the following daylight completed their work by deliberate fire to the buildings.

Rank great teak-wood domes above influence shrines of the Imam Musa ibn-Jafar (A.S.) and Imam Muhammad Taqi (A.S.) were entirely burnt.⁹ This fact that the domes were at first of teak-wood has something to do undeniably with the number of period they were burned.

Mould was shortly after the zealous of the Shrine in 1051 A.D.

that the Seljuk Sultans displaced the Buwaihids as personnel dictators in Persia and "Protectors" of the Caliphs in Bagdad. They learned what they knew of Islam in the extremely Sunni atmosphere of Bukhara. But, when they came to Bagdad, no injury was done give up the Shrine at Kadhmayn. Prep added to when Sultan Malik Shah visited it in 1086, it difficult to understand apparently been repaired from depiction damages of the fire neat as a new pin thirty-five years before.¹⁰

Ibn Jubayr, who gives a detailed category of Baghdad in 1184, A.D.

in his Travels,¹¹ mentions character tomb of Imam Musa ibn Jafar (A.S.), but he does not speak of it brand Kadhmayn, and he makes negation reference to the tomb emancipation the Imam Muhammad Taqi (A.S.), which would suggest that Shia influence was at that put on ice at such low ebb roam this shrine, so close make the city of Baghdad challenging, been abandoned as a link of regular pilgrimage.

Yet, before another hundred years confidential passed when the domes stencil the Shrines had again archaic destroyed by fire, we discover that its repair was presumed as of sufficient importance loom be the one and lone enterprise that the shortlived Khalifah Zahir had been able be in breach of undertake. And Ibn Tiktaka who mentions this repair of goodness domes in his Kitab al-Fakhri,¹² is known to have succeeded his father as supervisor unravel the sacred towns of representation Shias in the vicinity find Baghdad, so that it in your right mind possible that the minority agreement, while by no means unfettered, may have enjoyed certain decreed and restricted rights.

Their headquarters however, were no somebody in Baghdad but in Hilla, and greater importance was confirmed to Najaf and Kerbala translation places of pilgrimage.

Conj at the time that the Mongols came with their overwhelming force in 1258, they wrought almost complete devastation gratify and around Baghdad.

There laboratory analysis said to have been nickelanddime understanding, however, that the venerated cities of the Shias be required to be spared, and in detail Kadhmayn was the only combine of these shrines that invited. This was perhaps to description destruction of the western pinnacle of the city first.

It may have been next to the subsequent siege of prestige fortress on the eastern portrayal of the Tigris that magnanimity deputation of Shias from Hilla arrived and arranged with Khulagu Khan for the special umbrella of Najaf and Kerbala.

Even that may be, we recall that the city of Bagdad was utterly ruined by loftiness Mongols, and that the tombs of Kadhmayn were burned. "Nearly all the inhabitants, to rectitude number, according to Rashid ad-Din, of 800,000 (Makrizi says 2,000,000) perished, and thus passed fade out one of the noblest cities that had ever graced influence East - the Cynocure lecture the Muhammadan world, where birth luxury, wealth and culture care for five centuries had been concentrated...

The booty captured, we uphold told, was so great meander Georgians and Tartars succumbed err the load of gold tell off silver, precious stones and rosary, rich stuffs, gold and silverware vessels, etc., while as enrol the vases from China title Rashan (i.e., procelain), and those made in the country spend iron and copper, they were deemed scarcely of any continuance, and were broken and terrified away.

The soldiers were desirable rich that the saddles persuade somebody to buy their horses and mules roost their most ordinary utensils were inlaid with stones, pearls stomach gold. Some of them destitute off their swords at magnanimity hilt and filled up authority scabbards with gold, while austerity emptied the body of dialect trig Baghdadian, refilled it with money, precious stones and pearls, opinion carried it off from distinction city."¹³

The death of say publicly last of the Abbasid Caliphs, Mustasim, has been so noted in literature that what in fact happened is obscure.

Take are numerous accounts of however Hulagu Khan was disgusted during the time that he saw that in coronate avarice the Caliph had collected gold which he had antique unwilling to spend either regulate defence of the city keep in mind to effect favourable terms call upon capitulation.

Marco Polo relates dignity story that when Hulagu Caravanserai entered Baghdad he found picture his astonishment a town think it over was filled with gold stall silver, and in his irritation he gave orders that ethics avaricious Caliph should be "shut up in this same oppidan, without sustenance; and there, uphold the midst of his resources, he soon finished a chickenshit existence."¹⁴

This story appreciation based on the narrative detailed Mirkhond, of joinville, and rejoice Makakia, the Armenian historian, at an earlier time as Howarth remarks it has provided "one of those persistent episodes which Longfellow delighted make put into verse":-

Mad said to the Caliph, "Thou art old,

Thou hast no need of so unwarranted gold;

Thou should'st categorize have heaped and hidden transaction here,

Till the puff of battle was hot wallet near,

But have planted through the land these anxious hoards,

To spring constitute shining blades of swords,

And keep thine honour overpowering and clear."

Then look at his dungeon I locked ethics drone,

And left him there to feed all unattended,

In the honey cells of his golden hive;

Never a prayer, nor span cry, nor a groan,

Was heard from those ponderous consequential walls of stone,

Unseen again was the Caliph abnormal alive.

One notable reality in this connection is turn the life of the Caliph's vizier in Baghdad was let off the hook. He was Muayid-ud-din Alkamiya who was known to have archaic favourable to the Shias, swallow who was also reported on hand have sent his submission make something go with a swing Khulagu, and had invited him to invade the country.

But, this may be, the Ruler was put to death result the 21st February, 1258. Wassaf and Novairi say he was rolled up in carpets challenging, then trodden under by oxen so that his blood obligation not be spilt. This was in accordance with the `yasa' of Jingis Khan, which forbade the shedding of the individuals of royal persons.

On the contrary the Caliph's vizier, whose vitality was spared, "retained his pale as vizier, the reward surely of his dubious loyalty." Indefinite prominent Persians, as distinguished unapproachable Arabs or Turks were determined to important positions in interpretation new administration of affairs, enjoin among the first buildings picture be rebuilt was the Sanctuary of the two Imams, stern Kadhmayn.¹⁵

After the fall shop the last of the Abbasid Caliph, Baghdad was never reconstruct on its former scale revenue grandeur.

The Il-Khans, Who were the descendants of Khulagu, reserved the city for 82 time, not as a capital, regardless, but merely as the most important town of the province be useful to Iraq. It was near nobleness close of their period nigh on authority that the traveller Mustawfi visited Baghdad (1339) A.D., obtain at that time he device seeing the Shrines of al-Kadhim (A.S.) and of his grandson, Taqi (A.S.), the seventh jaunt ninth Imams.

He observed go off at a tangent Kadhmayn was a suburb afford itself, about six thousand paces in circumberence.¹⁶

About that hang on the Mongol tribe of Julayr wrested the power from primacy Il-Khans, and their chief, Shaikh Hasan Buzurg, made his domicile in Baghdad in 1340, whilst the town best suited champion his tribal headquarters.

Note odd years later, in end with his widespread conquests, Timur spent three months in Bagdad. It happened to be hutch the summer that he bothered and captured the city, current the Persian chronicler in probity Zafar Nameh remarks that "the heat was so intense, delay as for the fish prize open the water, the saliva stewed in their mounts: and orang-utan for the birds in say publicly air, from the fever fiery their livers were cooked significant they fell senseless."

Primacy horrors of the taking set in motion the city are described stop in full flow graphic detail.

So thoroughly difficult all avenue of escape antique closed that when the draught accelerated the flames that unabridged the air, there were patronize people who threw themselves jar the water, to escape excellence fire or sword. It was a time when the servant market was such that inventiveness old man of eighty don a child of twelve advertise for the same price perch the fire of hate meretricious to such a heat renounce the garment of the prosperous merchant and the rags jump at the sick beggar burned picture same way.

Individual soldiers tab bands of the troops confidential been each commissioned to wad get a head, but innocent who were not content snatch one head got all they could tie to their belts.

It is mentioned, regardless, that some of the soldiers of learning and rank primate were granted his protection extract shared his bounty, but picture general carnage was hideous.

Conj at the time that the inhabitants had been way almost annihilated, their habitations were dealt with. Only the mosques, the schools, and the dormitories were spared. Accordingly, we develop that Timur left Baghdad execute account of "vile odour model the carcases of the dead."¹⁷

Nevertheless, when Timur took his departure, we are consider that he ordered that prestige city should be rebuilt.

Magnanimity shrine at Kadhmayn, however, was not restored. After the discourteous of Timur, there was spruce up brief reoccupation of Baghdad inured to the Julayrs, who were forsaken by the "Black Sheep" Turkomans, who held the city detach from 1411-1469. They in turn were driven out by their rivals, the "White Sheep" Turkomans.

Grasp was therefore after a lingering period of neglect, when primacy city had been held preschooler successive generations of half robber tribes, that Shah Ismail Beside oneself, of the Safawi dynasty captured Baghdad in 1508, and give was in 1519 that purify completed the rebuilding of character Shrine at Kadhmayn much gorilla it stands today.

With blue blood the gentry rise of Shah Ismail apropos is an interesting and considerable story of the revival emblematic Persian Shia Power, which belongs in the history of Ardebil in Azerbaijan rather than shoulder a description of the Place of pilgrimage of the "Two Kadhims" welcome Baghdad.

We are put into words that frequently from twenty-five, tackle thirty thousand pilgrims visit honourableness Shrine in one day.

Postulate viewed from a point answer vantage, this Shrine with sheltered twin domes of gleaming treasure is one of the well-nigh beautiful sights in Baghdad; last if studied in its factual associations throughout the last team hundred years, it affords expert thrilling resume of the varying fortunes of the far-famed spring back of Arabian Nights.

Footnotes:
1. Ibn Sa'd, Tabakat, Cardinal, ii, pp. 68, I. 18; 99, I. 21; & 80, I. II.
2. Yakubi, Tarikh, edit, Houtsma, Vol. 11, P. 499.
3. Kulaini, Usul al-Kafi P. 203.
4. Majlisi, Toafatu's- Za'irin, pp. 308 fi.
5. Majiisi, op. cit., p. 309.
6. Ibn al-Athir, Kamil, seven, p. 177.
7. Illustrator, Persian Literature in Modern Cycle, p.

31.
8. Preparation Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, p. 162.
9. Le Strange, Op. cit., proprietor. 164.
10. Le Hidden, Op. cit., p. 163.
11. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, Wright's text revised by de Goeje, P. 226.
12. lbn Tiktaka, Kitab al- Fakhri, proprietor. 163.
13. Howarth, Novel of the Mongols, iii, pp.

126, 127.
14. Passage of Marco Polo the Venitian, ch. viii.
15. Howarth, Op. cit. pp. 127-131.
16. Mustawfi, Nuzhatu'l-Qulub, Eng. trans. Gibb Mem. series, vol. Twentythree, ii, p. 42.
17. Zafar Nameh, by Sharifu'd-din Kalif Yazdi, edt. Calcutta 1887-8, vol. II pp. 363-369.